Latest Mobile Communications Technologies

Technology | Monday August 23 2010 12:42 pm | Comments (0) Tags: , , ,

by crabchick

Latest Mobile Communications Technologies

From the heavy cordless phones of the 1980’s to the smart phones of today, cellular phone technology has undergone a incredible change. But have you ever wondered how you can call to your well wisher in the whole world with the usage of a mobile phone? You also have knowledge about the main features such as WAP and GPRS from the cell phone vendors and service providers. But you must aware of what they really mean?

There are numerous mobile technologies. So next time, when you are going to purchase a phone, you should know what technologies it has.

Generations of mobile communications

In the late 1970s, the first generation (1G) of mobile communications was introduced; it was primarily used for voice transfer. Second generation (2G) systems came into existence in the early 1990s and was further developed to 2.5G, which includes high technologies such as TDMA, GSM and CDMA. These technologies were used for voice and data.

The next generation of mobile communications is 3G which delivers data speeds from 384 kbps to 2 Mbps and over wireless interfaces such as GSM, TDMA and CDMA.

Mobile phone access technologies

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

The first-generation analog mobile access method; for each call, FDMA uses separate frequencies. For instance, if there are four stations, each will receive their own frequency. So there is no interference between them. It reduces interference, but limits the number of users.

Time division multiple access (TDMA)
TDMA allocates unique time slots to each user within each channel, thus allowing many users to access the radio frequency without anyone’s interference. Each mobile conversation uses only a particular frequency slot of the time.

Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Commercially introduced in 1995 by Qualcomm, CDMA quickly became one of the world’s fastest-growing wireless technologies. 3G CDMA networks provide more capacity for voice traffic with high-speed data capabilities, hence many cellular service providers are now building or upgrading to it.

CDMA is used in both 2G and 3G wireless technologies. Indian Cell operators such as Reliance IndiaMobile, TATA Indicom, BSNL and MTNL’s Garuda all use CDMA2000 technology and its variant CDMA1x.

Global system for mobile communications (GSM)
GSM is now the worldwide standard technology for mobile communications. It is developed on TDMA protocol in Europe. GSM provides a high level of security, globally accepted technology standards and superior sound quality.

For any GSM phone to work, it needs a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), a card which contains your telephone account information. So, an Indian GSM phone can be used in any part of the world.

Wireless technology platforms

1) GPRS
GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) is an enhancement to GSM technology that integrates GSM and IP technology. GPRS offers to access the Internet at the very high speed. So you can check your email on the move and surf the Web at very high speed. Currently BPL Mobile and Hutch (Orange in Mumbai) offer GPRS services in India.

2) WAP
In this high technology age, people on the move need any-time access to the Net. This is where WAP comes in. It facilitates us to Internet access from cell phones. It is an open standard for wireless protocols that is independent of the service providers. The cell phone must have a WAP browser to display Web content. Now-a-days, cell phones often come equipped with WAP browser and GPRS technology.
WAP and GPRS also enable the user to download games, send mail and even transfer your messages to your PC.

3) EDGE
The new EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) interface has been developed specifically to meet the bandwidth needs of 3G. This technology is promoted by Ericsson, it also offers high-speed data transfers over GSM networks with just a software upgrade to the handset. EDGE technology allows speeds up to 384 kbps.

As all of us know that in 21st century, there are lots of various technologies i.e. are useful for our daily life. These technologies have made easy our life. The above article tells about the latest technologies. If you want to know more information, you can also get information from :- http://www.connectindia.in

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Essential Student Learnings for 2020 Through Advanced Technologies

Technology | Sunday August 1 2010 12:33 pm | Comments (0) Tags: , , , , , ,

/> Introduction Advances in both cognitive science and information technologies have the potential to transform education and training in ways previously unthinkable. To lay the groundwork for Federal leadership in learning technology innovation, in September 2002, the Commerce Department published Visions 2020: Transforming education and training through advanced technologies. Visions for 2020, a number of famous individuals and teams from a wide range of technology and education fields were asked to look into the future and describe what technology to learn and try to be like. They responded with a rich collection of visions, some of which are excerpted in this report. Visions in 2020 identified potential technologies, their application to life, and how the learning environment will be changed to take full advantage of them. Future vision in hand, the Commerce Department convened summit on the use of modern technologies in education and training. At the meeting, stakeholders identified ways to promote technology enabled transformation in education and training in the U.S.. U.S. Departments of Commerce and Education (co-chair of that working group NSTC) days and net partnership formed to analyze the K-12 student views on technology training. These comments are analyzed in this second report, Visions 2020. 2: Student views on transforming education and training through advanced technologies. In October to November 2004, NetDay sponsored its "Talk-Up Day for students, offering online questionnaire which asked for K-12 students throughout the country for the use of technology.
Collapse of the information float
Not only that information is growing rapidly, the time lag between discovery and application – the information “float” – rapidly. For example, it is many hundreds of years for the steam engine to run on that curiosity to a commercial product. On the other hand, recent discoveries in science and technology appear in products virtually overnight.
Education must focus on new competencies
Changes of this magnitude requires a complete rethinking of education, both in terms of curriculum and pedagogical development of that be sure that every student acquires the high level of skills needed to thrive in a dynamic world of the 21st century. In addition to basic skills of literacy and numeracy, each student must master the “three C is the following: communication, cooperation and creative problem solving. Furthermore, the skills are equally important to know how to use numbers and data in real tasks, the ability to locate and process information related to the task on hand, technological knowledge, and especially, skills and attitudes necessary to learn life.
Technological knowledge is a fundamental skill
Technological knowledge is a step beyond technological literacy. To use knowledge of technology means that we can sit down at a computer and use it as easily as we can pick up and read a book of our native language. The challenges facing education today, preparing students to speak freely about the use of computing and communication technologies is one of our greatest.

Education must prepare students for work, yet to be invented
If our challenge may be limited to preparing people for the kinds of jobs today, we still have much work to do. Unfortunately, the challenge is even greater. Many of the jobs that will be available at the beginning of the century has yet to be invented.
If you doubt this, consider the following. One of the working classes in high demand today is that of the Webmaster – a person who designs, creates and maintains sites on the World Wide Web. This work did not exist ten years ago. In fact, she did not even exist five years ago! This means that people who work in this area have acquired new skills largely on their own.
ESSENTIAL exchange student in 2020
• Use technology to incorporate students and parents in the assessment.
• Give each student a lifelong ePortfolio.
• Assessment of teamwork, cooperation and creative use of technology, D. G. through games, simulations, etc.
The technology will enable us to give
• The role of teacher as knowledge transmitter and receiver as a student.
• “top-down model of a single initial and continuing teacher training.
• textbooks.
• Traditional methods for assessing the contents of a time period greater examination testing.
• a specified time in classrooms
• Traditional notions of space and school /> school time Innovation /> at • Flexible working (staff & student)
• Learning should be possible all day every day /> • Individually controlled time /> management • True individual training programs
• Clever use of ICT /> • Moving away from defined ages to begin and end />
Technology
Computer-based training covers a period from one user tools in which the computer makes its entry into education and was starting to be used for mathematics, computer design, simulation programs, infinite calculation methods, writing and presentation skills. Online training is a multi-user tools such as communication tools, the World Wide Web (WWW), streaming video and virtual environment for online training courses. Lecture notes are digitized and put online, as are video snaps together with references to publications that can be reached via hyperlinks. Basic two-way communication tools used to support this time and place-independent lifestyle. Training contract represents the next generation web-based virtual learning environment where learning materials, which is divided into specific modules initially distributed online in a regular educational tracks. The main systems will be combined with United Systems Technology and features gathered from several combined training systems.

Four changes
Many managers and school School not recognize the need for fundamental changes in schools and education systems as a whole. Some of them have already started a revolutionary experimental schools. Initial results from these schools indicate that students love new approaches that have been adopted and that learning outcomes meet. In the Netherlands about six schools have recently started to work on entirely new lines
Future schools
• 4 hours periods
• interdisciplinary topics
• Areas of 90-120 students
• Continuing individual learning pathways
Envisioning new technologies /> 2020 In /> Learner • The technology will enable "a new student in 2020 - responsible, independent and exciting.
• It is necessary to identify and agree what we want students to look like first, then use technology to make it happen.
“Do not use technology for technology and large it must be seamlessly integrated into the curriculum so that it is second nature to teachers and students”
School /> Design The school was extended learning centers.
• Online training / mentoring available 24 / 7.
• Change the time structures to allow for training and immersion in real research.
• Use technology and class design to facilitate individual student development, such as immediate access to ICT, where appropriate.
Intelligent Tutor / /> Assistant No concept drew more interest from students of any intelligent response to a teacher / assistant. Many students want such a teacher or assistant for use in school and at home.
Oracle: Many students expressed interest in an “answering machine” through which students can pose a specific question and the machine will respond with an answer. Also, some students described a sort of knowledge utility. By computer or website, students can have access to all knowledge in the world from anywhere.
Make it />
• One way to entertain children can do their homework. Some might think of video games homework.
• Video games that reenact historical events or scientific experiments. People love video games and what better way to learn than through telling the story, while being able to reenact.
Take me there
• Like virtual reality Careers can do. We can work in an environment in which we must operate in the future, without actually getting there, but still be able to explore and see what will be like.
• 3-D simulators to reenact historical events.
• computer that has a virtual tour of it, so when I watch the one hand, you can go on the computer and get a tour of it.
On-Line Classes
• PC with built-in in the school system so they can learn home without going to school.
• Virtual classroom where children can stay at home and learn. The teacher may be a computer or TV screen with a video camera or web camera. Thus, no one should miss a day of school if they were sick.
Main work
• IM on school computers, and if students can not get to ask a question or speak, someone can just IM!
• Website with different subjects and teachers there to teach students different subjects. Thus, we can go to school anytime we want and we do not have to wake up so early to catch the bus.
• Before marking period ends, students can view grades online to see what works and tasks they are missing, or if no work they can do better.
Different types of /> teachers • computer that is as a teacher, that person is a lot of patience and that can speak.
• A teacher for every student, but not real teachers. They must be holograms and they should know everything possible /> • robotic teachers so we could learn more things and not yelled at so often.
Different kind of book
• digital books, who read the lessons for you and teach you specific things. What will be voice-sensitive, so you can read, and would correct your reading.
• dictionary that talks. So, when children find words they can not pronounce, listen to the dictionary pronounce it for them.
Attributes of teaching
• Computers that can lead to real images of any subject. For example, operation of machines or human organs.
• 3-D simulations in classes like science because they are often necessary materials are not safe or available.
Computer for every /> Students • laptop that did not sell for much so that every student can have one of their classes.
• We have laptops, but to see each student with an upgraded laptop for use with software that will help them in school will be nice. This can reduce the burden on students, since computers can be used to ask frequently asked questions.
• Laptop computers should be used as school supplies for every student in the future.
Need /> Speed • Faster modems will help children in the future. This will make things much easier for them, and they should not worry about not getting anything done because of time required for everything to load.
• We need new, faster computers.
Want it Wireless /> • wireless internet everywhere: in parks, home, hospitals and elsewhere. Thus there will be wireless, seamless Internet wherever you go. This will give children the opportunity to learn and that is where
Ensure that safe and easy to use
• Easier version of the Internet for young people.
• Something has to be invented that filters out false information to any site. It is very misleading and confusing to find different facts on different sites, so it would be very helpful if there were a way to filter out false information.
24-7 Access:
• Access your school network from online in your own home.
• Access to School web sites and information from our houses because it will help a lot with school projects and homework.
Conclusion
In 2020, each student will use a small, handheld wireless computer that is voice activated. The computer will provide broadband access to child-friendly Internet, populated with websites that are safe, designed specifically for use by students without pop-up ads. Using this device, students will complete the majority in their school work and homework College, as well as take online classes at school and at home. Students will use a small computer to play math learning games and read interactive electronic textbooks. In completing their school education, students will work closely and routinely with an intelligent digital tutor, and tap utility knowledge to obtain factual answers to questions they pose. In their history studies, students can participate in a 3-D virtual reality-based historic reenactments.

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